Evaluative Reasoning Across the Life Span - Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Examine about the Evaluative Reasoning Across the Life Span. Answer: The Kohlberg moral difficulty is a lot of good issues that question the morals of an individual obscuring the limit of good and awful or good and bad. The exposition looks to comprehend the issue of the quandary in the cutting edge setting with the film John Q. The film tries to break down and comprehend the various issues that have been a reason for the ethical difficulty among the populace through the ages. The moral quandary is where an individual is made to pick between two straight out goals, the two of which are similarly right and present a trouble in picking a right choice with respect to the issue. The moral decision and the socially acknowledged decision may not be the equivalent. The difficulty in making a decision about a strategy thinking about the various situations, which are both legitimized and reliant on emotional assessments, is the object of comprehension in this circumstance (Kahane, et al., 2015). The difficulty and the significant issues caused because of it in having indisputable sentiments with respect to circumstances and their potential reactions across various age is the subject of investigation of Kohlbergs moral problem. The various circumstances that emerge in due time prompting the diverse abstract assessments and potential arrangements towards it. Kohlbergs moral good situation is apparent in various films, where the legitimization of the negative activities of the hero is given in the film, which causes the crowd to relate to him (Weissbourd, Bouffard Jones, 2013). The film in the given circumstance, John Q is one such film where the crowd can't choose the morals of the activities of hero. John Q, is a film depicts and shows the various parts of human feeling without breaking a sweat. The feeling of the dad John Quincy Archibald, played by Denzel Washington, is a character who is happy to go as far as possible to spare the life of his child (Cassavetes, 2002). The film has various moral issues being referred to, with respect to the activities of John in the given circumstance. The film begins with a mishap where a female rash driver is murdered. The later scenes show that the child John Archibald experiences a significant cardiovascular condition which needs and quick heart transplant. John is full time assembly line laborer confronting financial issues (Arnold, 2000). At the point when he finds that the protection gave by their manager isn't supporting the treatment and the medical procedure of his child, John begins to gather cash to get his child tried out the organ contributors list. In spite of all their aggregate endeavors they couldn't raise more than 33% of the essential sum required for the medical procedure. In the circumstance feeling defenseless, John chooses to take an uncommon proportion of holding prisoners in the clinic in lieu of his children treatment. The circumstance looked by John and his activity can't be legitimized by an untouchables perspective now as all he was doing was to attempt the best to spare the life of his child (Dawson, 2002). The interest of John against the life of 11 prisoners held by him is basic, to spare the life of his child by placing his name in the organ beneficiary holding up list. The issues looked by a poor individual and the emotional circumstance wherei n it is settled shows the ethical quandary that individuals face in such circumstances. John is a moderately needy individual who exhausts to address the issue of the family. at the point when he is out of luck and every one of his endeavors demonstrate vain in sparing the life of his child he is fomented at his lack of ability and chooses to make the extraordinary stride of holding the individuals prisoner. It is difficult to pass judgment on his issue and the avocation of his activity except if one is in the shoes of John Quincy (Narvaez Lapsley, 2009). He faces a significant difficulty of putting the life of various individuals in danger just to spare his child. He very surely understands that his notoriety would be demolished by the day's end in view of the progression he has chosen to take. The changing situations where the choices are adopted and the altruistic strategy of john in the treatment towards the prisoners will help in understanding the viewpoints of John. The circumstance wherein John is a clumsy one where it is extreme for a person to pass judgment on his activities based on singular points of view. The alternate point of view and results of the activity of John can be comprehended in the perspective of John yet there are different sides of the story (Edwards Carlo, 2005). The activities of John look supported and in the individualistic point of view of the film however to do the Kohlberg examination adequately one needs to see the circumstance from both the viewpoints and present a diagram with the circumstance. At the point when the circumstance is seen from the viewpoint of John Quincy, his activities are legitimized and he needs to do whatever he can to spare the life of his child. In the film, it is later demonstrated that he needs to stack the firearm when he is pondering self destruction, which suggests that the weapon was not stacked during the entire experience (Narvaez, 2012). This makes it clear that he didn't mean to hurt anybody in spite of what others may have thought. It makes his position much progressively clear according to the watchers and is appeared as hero. Additionally, the soliciting expenses from $75000 just to place the name of the kid in the organ beneficiaries holding up list gathered compassion from the crowd considering the financial circumstance John was in. whatever these situations indicated strengthened the conviction of the crowd in the guiltlessness of John Quincy. The diverse circumstance wherein he puts the lives of the prisoners at a hazard isn't one tha t would place things for him. Regardless of how others conscious his allure was nevertheless what he held in authority was an emergency clinic and prevented the security of the individuals. Additionally, the emergency clinic is where individuals are wiped out and undesirable; the circumstance can drive some of them into stun executing a couple of individuals. Sparing a life is a prime worry that can be seen however the film raises various other significant moral issues while the profound quality of John Q is decided in the film. The lone perspective of a solitary individual is appear in the film where the opposite side isn't extremely obvious as appeared in the film Dog Day Afternoon as well (Edwards, Carlo, 2005). The situation the individuals or crowds experience is the artistic virtuoso of the chief of the film who is demonstrating the perspective of the hero. Since that is the main viewpoint underlined in the film, the individuals don't comprehend the general results that the activities of the hero. Additionally, in the film the canine day evening the hero is appeared as the casualty of the circumstance. It is commonly basic for the crowd to identify with the guilty party for this situation in light of the fact that the vast majority of the individuals have their own feelings of spite against the standards of the general public. The condition, which John Q places the clinic in, may have picked up help of the crowd yet there are different points of view to take a gander at. One of the most significant issue that is over looked that his child naturally gets the core of the mishap casualty who comes in yet there is another issue which was over looked. Ignoring different beneficiaries to give John Quincys child the heart makes the situation even more shameless and exploitative. Because he was holding the clinic and various patients as prisoners doesn't make the circumstance reasonable in any sense. Correspondingly, on account of the film Dog Day Afternoon, the family circumstance of Sonny and the need of his current spouse to get worked doesn't make his activities socially reasonable. There are different approaches to manage circumstances in the general public (Lumet, 1975). There are various individuals in the general public, who are confronting a lot harsher circumstances throughout everyday life and they decide to battle it. The support of the circumstance in film may appear to be adept in various manners yet they don't appear to be persuading. One probably won't think about the outcomes right now of taking choices yet the activities may lastingly affect the individuals who were influenced. It is taken that both Sonny and John were sympathetic and comprehension of the prisoner circumstances and the necessities (Hart Carlo, 2005). This doesn't reclaim them of their activities totally given that John gets a prison sentence Sonny slaughters his companion and is imprisoned for a long time for his activities. The compassion is picked up from the acknowledgment of the way that they confronted the results of their activities doesn't make them complete. In both the motion pictures the Kohlbergs good and moral situation is bothered and the heroes are demonstrating doing activities which it could be said recover them of their evil deeds. One of the circumstance is in which John is happy to give his own life and burdens the firearm with a shot. This shows he to be sure didn't look to hurt anybody in the region as the weapon was not stacked and was eager to make a definitive penance to spare the life of his child (Keller Edelstein, 1991). Then again sonnys condition in Dog Day evening is comprehended when his better half turns up. Most of the compassion that they get from the general public in the move is on the grounds that they are indicated rewarding the prisoners with sympathy. This appears to be an exceptionally extreme scrape for one to choose the legitimization of their activities since their activities appear to be correct however were illegal and the accepted practices. The crowd sympathizes with the hero in such circumstances however the problem had not risen notwithstanding their activities. There are various motion pictures which show the individuals in extremely predicament however they decide to try sincerely and battle against the framework without breaking it or making physical or mental mischief anybody. Perhaps the best film fitting this model is The Pursuit of Happiness, where Chris Gardener is beaten by the circumstances and the framework various occasions (Muccino, 2006). There are various situations where he could have conflicted with the law to satisfy his own needs when all the circumstances were against him. Given the situation

Why Should We Honor Our Veterans Essay Essay Example

For what reason Should We Honor Our Veterans Essay Paper A veteran is somebody who battled in a war as a warrior, mariner, and so forth. Be that as it may, this definition isn't near depicting he bravery of these veterans, who set out their lives for American opportunity. Jeff Miller once stated, move ability of Americas veterans to forfeit for our nation has earned them our enduring appreciation. On Veterans Day, we assemble to respect the individuals who have served our nation, regardless of whether it was five years back, or fifty. Regardless of whether they served in the Persian Gulf, or Bosnia, we assemble to venerate them and give them the regard and the thanks that they merit. We say thanks to them for shielding us from the individuals who intend to do us hurt. After all they have accomplished for us, awards appear to be lacking. All veterans have the right to be perceived for their valiant activities. Veterans, who have served in wars, for example, Vietnam, the Korean Expedition, and most as of late, the war in Iraq, needed to invest a very long time at an energy, away from their family, yet in addition in exceptionally hazardous fight zones. In 2010, Sergeant Salvatore A. Goliath ran through substantial fire to get his crew head to wellbeing in Afghanistan. He terminated at the foe while running straight through their lines. Like this, they must be eager to bargain their lives so as to spare an individual warrior or honest regular citizen. We will compose a custom article test on Why Should We Honor Our Veterans Essay explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom exposition test on Why Should We Honor Our Veterans Essay explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom exposition test on Why Should We Honor Our Veterans Essay explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer With each war we have battled, a portion of these individuals have kicked the bucket, been injured or have been made frantic from mental anguish and are compelled to remember their awful encounters. Veterans are genuine legends, and they will consistently be in the hearts and recollections all things considered. Everybody in the United States should utilize this one day not as a day to unwind, however as a day to respect the veterans who have endeavors to move in the direction of ensuring our opportunity. Veterans who energetically put their lives in peril to guarantee our opportunity, have the right to be perceived as saints in my eyes, just as every other person.

Free Essays on Myths Of Marriage

Five Myths about Marriage You hear a ton of analysis and jokes about the trap of marriage. However, many are pulled in to the trap in any event; 96% of us live with an accomplice at some point in our lives. A large portion of us are anxious to do soand for valid justifications. Cherishing somebody brings such huge numbers of delights and excites thus much solace... it tends to be awesome. A despondent marriage, be that as it may, can be horrible. Marriage is altogether different for various individuals. We don't know precisely how to cause union with be what we need it to be. Realities of marriage are typically mistaken for legends. There are numerous reasons why individuals are astonished by the genuine encounter of marriage. One of them is that the vast majority have a poor thought of what everyday living in marriage is truly similar to. Suppositions individuals make about marriage are regularly altogether different from the real world. As indicated by the course reading, there are five significant fantasies about marriage that lamentably numerous individuals accept. (Knox and Schacht, 1999) The first is, Our Marriage will be extraordinary (Knox and Schacht, 1999). The vast majority know wedded couples that are miserable, battle, are exhausted, and so forth. This fantasy is the â€Å"it won’t happen to us† thought couples have generally before marriage. As indicated by Knox and Schacht, this is risky in light of the fact that â€Å"many of us who enter marriage accepting that it will be distinctive for us indiscriminately emulate the marriage examples of others as opposed to putting forth a cognizant attempt to deal with our own relationship to cause it as satisfying as we to anticipate that it should be† (1999). The second legend about marriage is, We Will Make Each Other Happy. Despite the fact that your accomplice has some impact on your joy, each accomplice has other life jobs other than life partner (Knox and Schacht, 1999). These different jobs can spoil the cooperation with one’s mate. For instance, on the off chance that you have lost your employment, it would make it hard for you to fulfill your life partner. Knox and Schacht make a valid statement by saying. â€Å"Waiting for another person to make ... Free Essays on Myths Of Marriage Free Essays on Myths Of Marriage Five Myths about Marriage You hear a great deal of analysis and jokes about the trap of marriage. However, many are pulled in to the lure at any rate; 96% of us live with an accomplice at some point in our lives. A large portion of us are anxious to do soand for valid justifications. Adoring somebody brings such a large number of delights and excites thus much solace... it tends to be phenomenal. A despondent marriage, in any case, can be awful. Marriage is totally different for various individuals. We don't know precisely how to cause union with be what we need it to be. Realities of marriage are normally mistaken for fantasies. There are numerous reasons why individuals are amazed by the genuine encounter of marriage. One of them is that a great many people have a poor thought of what everyday living in marriage is truly similar to. Suppositions individuals make about marriage are frequently altogether different from the real world. As indicated by the course reading, there are five significant fantasies about marriage that lamentably numerous individuals accept. (Knox and Schacht, 1999) The first is, Our Marriage will be extraordinary (Knox and Schacht, 1999). A great many people know wedded couples that are miserable, battle, are exhausted, and so on. This legend is the â€Å"it won’t happen to us† thought couples have as a rule before marriage. As indicated by Knox and Schacht, this is risky in light of the fact that â€Å"many of us who enter marriage accepting that it will be diverse for us indiscriminately emulate the marriage examples of others as opposed to putting forth a cognizant attempt to deal with our own relationship to cause it as satisfying as we to anticipate that it should be† (1999). The second legend about marriage is, We Will Make Each Other Happy. Despite the fact that your accomplice has some impact on your satisfaction, each accomplice has other life jobs other than life partner (Knox and Schacht, 1999). These different jobs can pollute the association with one’s mate. For instance, in the event that you have lost your employment, it would make it exceptionally hard for you to fulfill your mate. Knox and Schacht make a valid statement by saying. â€Å"Waiting for another person to make ...

Unusual Facts About California Bar Essay Topics Revealed by the Experts

Unusual Facts About California Bar Essay Topics Revealed by the Experts The Ultimate Strategy to California Bar Essay Topics There are a few thumb rules for argumentative essay subjects to prevent clashes, yet earning a point at the exact same time. In general, you can observe that writing a persuasive essay isn't a brain surgery. In an argumentative essay you're supposed to present arguments about either side and please so take note of important events and court rulings about the topics you're speaking about. You may find there's a compelling argument for learning another language after all! Here's What I Know About California Bar Essay Topics At precisely the same time, it's a fantastic persuasive essay idea. If you've ever taken an on-line class, you understand how different it can be from a classic face-to-face course. If you're struggling, you always have the option to acquire help by utilizing an essay writing service such as ours. The Honest to Goodness Truth on California Bar Essay Topics Preferably, it ought to be something that you're an expert in. When you're picking your topic, bear in mind that it's much simpler to write about something which you currently have interest ineven in case you don't know a good deal about it. While you're just beginning to compose essays, you shouldn't struggle attempting to produce something to discuss. Remember that you may make funny argumentative essays if you do a few things. The One Thing to Do for California Bar Essay Topics If you are searching for college essay examples, here's a great one below. It's therefore important to cautiously consider different college essay topics. Choosing fantastic essay topics for middle school must be a careful procedure, where a balance must be struck between topics that might be too simplistic, more ideal for the key school, and choosing argumentative essay topics that can be too intricate or controversial. 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Essay on Struggles of African Americans - 1125 Words

We live in this nation as a united family but never forgetting our past. We never overlook the history of the pilgrims who traveled here for their religious freedom, our gain of independence or of our horrible past about slavery because we know as a nation that those things shape our future and also guide our future generations to restrain from our past mistakes. As we expand as a nation one thing that we continue to learn about, is how slavery has engraved a mark on our neighborhoods, communities and societies. This mark being that of racism and prejudice which is impossible for our generation to erase and will be for the generations to come. As our ancestors faced in the past in this united nation, we know that they didnt easily over†¦show more content†¦They were in a way held back by the discrimination they faced to prove to the American society that they were valuable imparts on the country. Another way the reader views the limitations on the African American societ y is when King used the â€Å"check† to symbolize how ineffective the freedom guaranteed by the Emancipation Proclamation was. The reader becomes aware that though the check is given to them in hopes of using it like everybody else, theirs was always classified as â€Å"insufficient fund†. This showing the reader that, though they have the check to prove their freedom, the idea of being free was only recognized by the African Americans but not the Caucasian society. King also uses imagery to demonstrate to the reader the struggles they were trying to overcome. By mentioning children being â€Å"stripped of their self hood and robbed of their dignity by signs stating for white only†, King captures the readers attention because we generally assume that children have clear mentalities where the issue of color is not recognized but since they have those signs around them they become conscious of their outer appearance and how society sees them. We always classify our country as a melting pot, but did it occur to you how our country finally got to this harmonious state?. We usually take things for granted, that we never realize that ourShow MoreRelatedAfrican American Struggles747 Words   |  3 PagesRUNNING HEAD: AFRICAN AMERICAN STRUGGLES 1 African American Struggles Shaneisa Smith Soc 308: Racial Ethnic Groups Risa Garelick November 23, 2011 AFRICAN AMERICAN STRUGGLES 2 African American Struggles African Americans are knows to face various issues throughout their lives. From being discriminated against, to trying to fit into society, African Americans still have problemsRead MoreThe African American Struggle For Equality1390 Words   |  6 Pages The African American struggle for equality began almost 400 years ago when the first black slaves were unloaded from ships in British North America in 1619. Treated as chattel with all the empathy owners would give to cattle or sheep, their lives and the lives of their progeny would drastically change for many generations. A proud and accomplished people, Africans had built vast, culturally rich civilizations complete with monarchies, colleges, and trade routes. What they found in the newRead MoreThe Struggle For African American Liberation1242 Words   |  5 PagesIn the early 1960s, when both men entered the struggle for African American liberation, it were the factors that set them apart that shaped both their ou tlook and the way they contributed to fight for Black empowerment. While Malcolm rose to fame by means of fierce attacks on Whites, Carmichael participated in non-violent workshops to prepare himself for his participation in the Freedom Rides. The first time Stokely encountered Malcolm X in person was during an event at Howard University in 1961Read MoreAfrican-Americans Struggle for Equality2515 Words   |  10 Pagesï » ¿Though the conclusion of the American Civil War in 1965 marked the end of slavery in the United States, African-Americans would not see anything resembling true freedom from the segregation and isolation imposed by slavery until very recently, and only after decades of difficult struggle. Some of the most important achievements occurred during the 1960s, when a generation of African-American leaders and activists, including Martin Luther King Jr., Supreme Court Justice Thurgood Marshall, and theRead MoreAfrican American Struggle for Freedom2198 Words   |  9 PagesAfrican-American Struggle for Freedom Beverly Garrett Axia College In the early nineteenth century, the African American went from slavery to the struggle for freedom. They had to do several activities in order to survive. Even though food affected the lifestyle during slavery, with religion, soul food like greens, and hamburger meat was prepared and grown to help families survive. There were several kinds of slavesRead MoreA Cycle of Struggles Endured by the African American Race1301 Words   |  5 Pages African Americans, among their families, and their communities find themselves in an unceasing battle for survival in a world that has previously, and to this day, brought many hardships and sufferings. 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To pay for passage to the New World, they signed agreements to work for a set number of years and to be free individuals afterwards called indentured servitude. Things went smoothly at first. However, after a while, rulers of Africa began capturing andRead MoreThe African American Struggle During The United States Essay2085 Words   |  9 PagesThe African American Struggle in the United States Before the civil rights movement in America, many writers that grew up during times of oppression and racial discrimination began to speak out about the problems African Americans faced. Wilson, Hughes, and Hansberry explore the themes of racism and the American dream in their works to reveal the situation for black Americans in the United States during the time period after World War II. The American dream is the idea that every person should

Service Delivery - 1673 Words

NORTHCENTRAL UNIVERSITY ASSIGNMENT COVER SHEET Learner: | | MKT5000-8 | Elisa Fredericks | | | Service Marketing | #5 Service Delivery | | | lt;Add Learner comments heregt; ------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------- Faculty Use Only ------------------------------------------------- lt;Faculty comments heregt; ------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------- lt;Faculty Namegt; lt;Grade Earnedgt; lt;Writing Scoregt; lt;Date Gradedgt; Service Delivery The goals of this†¦show more content†¦1). Some of the reasons customer-contact service employees are vital in a company are * They are the service. * They are the organization in the customer s eyes. * They are the brand. * They are marketers. (Ahmad, 2008, p. 1) Customers Customers also have an important role in the success of a business. A business cannot be successful unless there are customers. Several work fields requires customer input for service creation such as or haircuts, annual exam, and full service restaurant. The clients input customize a standard service. The provision of the service requires the customer purchase. Customer input (information material) is necessary for an adequate outcome, but the service firm provides the service. Jobs where customer presence is required during service delivery are airline travel, motel stay, and fast-food restaurant. Customers play a variety of roles in the service experience. Some of those roles are productive resource, contributor to quality, satisfaction and value; and as competitor to the service organization. Customer as a productive resource for example, in contributing information and effort in the diagnoses of their ailments, patients of a healthcare organization are part of the service production process. If they provide accurate information in aShow MoreRelatedThe Delivery Service Of The Company778 Words   |  4 PagesOctober 19, 2015 Delivery 4 U 1111 Hospitality Blvd San Bernardino, Ca 92354 Attn: John Smith Dear Mr. Smith, Are you tired of spending the company’s funds trying to make deliveries every day? We know how hard it can be to staff the right people in order to create the service your company needs. Like any growing company, you need the right team of professionals to work hard every day. Because you are a nationalized food chain service, you have a big opportunity to branch out and make largerRead MoreThe Role Of Service For Service Delivery1165 Words   |  5 Pageseconomist described services as â€Å"cost disease† (Baumol, 1991) because at that time, service industry with low profit margin was seen as abstract performing art which heavily rely on human interaction. As time goes by, service industry is continuously growing and flourishing, people start to recognize the importance of service. Employees’ and customers’ roles in service delivery also become the center of management concern. The paper concentrates on analysing service delivery, in particular, employe es’Read MoreThe Pizza Delivery Quick ( Pdq ) Industry Service1394 Words   |  6 PagesThe Pizza Delivery Quick (PDQ) Industry service in America is considered to be a very successful market in the quick service restaurant industry. Although the industry success is very appealing, managing the day-to-day operations needs significant planning and a clear tactics to create, implement, execute and have successful results. However, the PDQ last report sales are on the level of 30%, which places the company in a serious difficult position to continue operating competitively. The PDQRead MoreThe Rights Of Service Delivery1123 Words   |  5 Pagesintersect with the discussion of service delivery proposed by Batley et al. Batley et al argue that people, if organized, have the power to affect the services they are provided. They provide a statement from the World Bank as their basis. â€Å"Direct accountability of service delivery organizations to users implies that citizens can both organize demand for services and monitor their performance† (p. 279). The collective action of consumers becomes easier when the service they are being provided is locatedRead MoreThe Delivery Of Public Service2298 Words   |  10 Pagesmisunderstanding that may occur during the delivery of public service in the United Kingdom (UK). The citizens have a right to complain if they feel aggrieved. There are many citizens who normally complain not only for their benefit but to ensure that the public service is improved so that it can cater for the needs of the citizens and so that the same mistakes are not inflicted on others. However, there are instances when the complaints are not resolved by the said service provide r. In such an instance whenRead MoreCustomer Satisfaction And Service Delivery Essay1161 Words   |  5 Pagesbusiness is to enhance satisfied customers. 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It can also be viewed upon as a degree of both tangible and intangible expectation coming from a customer’s perspective on how these services are realized by the supplier or by the product coming from the provider. Dimensions of quality: Performance –Read MoreCorruption in the Public Sector and Service Delivery2588 Words   |  11 Pages CORRUPTION IN THE PUBLIC SECTOR AND SERVICE DELIVERY A Paper presentation at the ROUNDTABLE ON REVIEW OF GOVERNANCE INDEX AND SECURITY IN NIGERIA Held in THE NATIONAL DEFENCE COLLEGE, NIGERIA 22ND MAY, 2013 Protocol Introduction The Public Sector in Nigeria is charged with the responsibility of providing goods and services, otherwise referred to as â€Å"public goods† in economics, to the public vis-à  -vis the mandate of the ruling government and its administrative

Oil and Gas Regulation in the United States

Question: Despite recent developments in the field of Litigation, parties embroiled in an oil and gas dispute still prefer to choose International Commercial Arbitration as a preferred method of resolving their disputes. Examine the truth behind this statement and evaluate the reasons why this may be the case in Oil and Gas Disputes. Answer: International Law in Oil and Gas industry International oil and gas law is a part of overall ordinary property law which includes the rules and regulations related to exploration, production, transportation and dispensation of crude oil, natural gas and associated hydrocarbons. International oil and gas law is established based on three streams of business. First steam is known as; upstream that is the "EP" of the business explains exploration, production of oil and gas. Next is midstream that explains the rules and regulations related to gathering, processing, storing, delivering and marketing of manufactured oil and gas and downstream that explains refining of crude oil and distribution of natural gas and products derived from crude oil. The main purpose of International Oil and Gas law is to organize the detection, organize and share possession, management and use of oil and natural gas as energy sources in the fuel modern civilization (Ross and Voeten 2015). Oil and gas law means gathering of legislative, dictatorial and judicial law that normally applies to the three steam of the oil and gas business. International oil and gas law not only includes contract, property and corporate law but also includes environmental law, taxation, service, managerial and even tort law. However, the challenges and legal issues a person faces while organizing a company to acquire and establish a particular offshore and onshore oil and gas prospect are unique. Therefore, to deal with these problems it is necessary to consult with a specialized oil and gas lawyer (Borgerson 2013). Oil and gas lawyers are also an important part of the oil and gas law just like oil and gas leases. Oil and Gas lease builds a suitable understanding and communication between the owner of property and an oil production organization. According to Christiansen (2014), oil and gas leases, owner of a land who owns the rights to the surface and mineral rights to his farm must be approached by a landsman to start the leasing of mineral rights. Oil exploration company carries the responsibility to establish an oil and gas lease right after the landsman has studies the geological maps of the area. However, it is highly important to find out the proper owner of the land as in the oil lease only the name of the owner can be included (Baker 2013). Therefore, an oil company must carry out a lot of homework before creating a sign a lease contract. In most of the countries and states, mineral rights are separate from surface rights of the landholding. Therefore, before creating a lease contract, it is crucial for the landowner, landsman and oil company to go further and find out whether the landowner has the right to lease the minerals according to the terms of the oil and gas laws. The royalty payment is another part of the oil and gas industry (Lowe et al. 2012). According to this law, the costs of implementing lease operations are deducted first and then the landowner receives a percentage of the remainder. Another part of the agreement states that the lessee will protect the land and the property from any type of drainage. Besides, the company will redevelop the property after drilling the well in the area (Truss and Robertson 2012). The Environment Protection Agency also plays a major role in oil and gas laws as they monitor the operations of the oil production company to make sure that the property after the exploration is finished environmentally safe. Key principles of contract formation in International commercial transaction International commercial transaction or law is an association of lawful regulations, conventions, treaties, familial legislation and commercial customs or usages which monitor international commercials. (Kulander 2014). A transaction will be considered as international when more than one country is involved. There are several parts of international commercial transactions. The international commercial contract is one of them. This contract is the sale transaction agreement between different parties from different countries. This method helps to understand the methods of entering a new market with the choice made balancing cost, control and risk by evaluating some different options. Those options are export openly, using foreign agents to sell and distribute, Using foreign distributors to provide on-sell to local customers, opening a new business or acquiring any foreign subsidiary to manufacture products in foreign countries, license to a local manufacturer, joining hands with any fo reign entity and recruiting a franchise in the foreign country. Incoterms 2010 is the latest collection of important international commercial and trade terms. When integrated with a sales contract, the Incoterm code serves to help the parties to understand their rights and obligations in detail (Kulander 2013). The International Chamber of Commerce (ICC) is solely responsible for revising Incoterm occasionally to reflect changing practices in international trade. Effectiveness of International law in addressing the environmental impact of oil exploration and exploitation Several international conventions, treaties and agreements including environmental instruments are established to protect the environment. These rules and regulations have either direct or indirect impact on the oil and gas industry (DeMeritt and Young 2013). These international environmental instruments help the companies to acquire precautionary principle for better environmental protection from oil and gas pollution at the time of exploration and exploitation. Activity Resources Used Effectiveness Aerial Survey Aircraft, Space Satellites Due to the strict international law, the oil and gas companies are now forced to conduct an environmental assessment to identify protected areas and sensitive areas (Symeonides 2013). During the time of less sensitive operation, schedules monitoring and planning is used. Onshore Seismic operations Seismic equipment To preserve the vegetation cover, the companies are now using the Shot-hole method in the place of vibroseis method. The professionals make sure that the electrical charge is minimum enough and deep enough to avoid extra works. Offsets are used to avoid particular sensitivities Company professionals make sure that misfired charges are disabled. The cleanup crew are called upon after completing an operation. Base camp and access Companies now regularly communicate with the local authorities and other stakeholders before choosing a location (Bamberger and Oswald 2014). This is done to ensure that sensitive areas are left alone. Oil exploration companies are now using instruments that are helping them to minimize the effects on the environment and local communicates. According to the environmental law, companies are asked not to build additional roads for transportation. They are asked to use existing infrastructure. Companies are advised to use manual cutting machinery in place of heavy machinery like bulldozers. Oil exploration companies are forced to minimize their activities while exploring for oil and other hydrocarbons. According to the environmental law, workers are prohibited from hunting and communicating with local people (Ratner and Tiemann 2014). During any exploration companies are strictly ordered to control waste disposal. Line Cutting Hand-cut lines to minimize disturbance. Companies are ordered not to cut trees that are in a diameter greater that local regulations permit. Offshore Seismic operation Resources and equipment For operations companies are instructed to use environmental assessment tools to find out protected areas and local sensitive zones. Vessel operations Company professionals must consult with their stakeholders and local people to conduct surveys before signing any permits and notifications. Following the planned survey track is also necessary to evade any unnecessary interface. All dissipate resources and oily waters should be disposed of in a proper manner to meet national and international rules and regulations. Proper environmental friendly processes must be taken to handle and maintain cable oils. According to Shipboard Oil Pollution Emergency Plan 1992, contingency plans for lost equipment and oil spillage is also important. Explosives used I exploration must be stored in according to operational procedures and local regulations. Using guard boats is essential is high populated areas. Taking help of local people is necessary to print out wildlife and marine life (Haberl et al. 2013). Onshore exploration and drilling Selection of Site Less sensitive areas must be selected to use directional drilling to access targets beneath the area. Access Before gaining access to a site, companies are now instructed to consult with local authorities to find out preferred routings. Companies are instructed to use existing roads and resources. According to the Environmental rules and regulations, companies must focus on hampering minimum amount of vegetation loss and disturbance (Grooms 2015). While building roads, companies must use local resources and should minimize cutting of timber. Table 1: Effectiveness of oil and gas law (Source: Author) Importance of International Commercial Arbitration as a preferred method of resolving disputes in oil and gas industry International Commercial Arbitration is used as one of the most effective tool for settling international disputes. There are various reasons related to this effectiveness which are, International Commercial Arbitration is the one-stage procedure only. The parties who are relating to disputes, will never waste time because of absence of appellate and cassation instances. Therefore, it can satisfy the business needs. This procedure is a quick procedure which again satisfies the business. Another advantage of this arbitration is the disputing companies need to pay for one stage only which makes it a comparatively cheap procedure. This again satisfies business. The professionals who are responsible for decision-making process are specialists in international commercial law, private international law and business affairs. Therefore, it is easy for them to understand the matters and facts related to it. Besides, the parties have their rights to select arbitrators which again satisfies their business needs. The formalities in this process are minimum as it uses less paper therefore, consumes less time and money. Importance of International Oil and Gas laws International oil and gas law mainly helped to reduce the negative effects of oil and gas explorations. From the above the table it is clear that oil and gas companies are now forced to follow tons of rules and regulations before starting their exploration. Now, any company cannot just choose an area and start drilling for hydrocarbons (Opp 2012). Currently, oil exploration companies must consult with local and national authorities before starting the drilling and collection procedure. Different oil and gas laws have served differently and have different importance. Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) is such an act that regulates the generation, transportation, treatment, storage and disposal of hazardous and non-hazardous waste (Skogdalen and Vinnem 2012). Due to this act, companies are now showing more responsibility while handling wastes associated with investigation, growth and manufacture of crude oil or gas. Clean Water Act is another important act that has helped to keep the environment clean and safe. Before this act, exploration companies could discharge their pollutant materials in the sea or the rivers without taking any permission (Grooms 2015). However, this act has restricted their activities, as now they will have to take permission from the government before disposing of anything related to pollutants including spills and leaks of oil and other substances. There are some other small advantages of oil and gas law. The oil and gas law serves to protect not only the interests of the local people but also the interest of the government. The law prevents from wrongful taking of personal property. In the initial stages of oil and gas exploration, companies used to trespass in personal properties without proper permission to dig a well or to place drilling machines. The oil and gas law has helped the people to build their rights and has prevented companies from doing anything like this. The oil and gas law has developed a new idea which is nature of ownership. This concept is a very important part of oil and gas law as it helps to minimize conflicts among the local people and exploration companies. The ownership theory is divided into two parts which are non-ownership and ownership in place. Last but not the least, the most important part of the international oil and gas law is, it unites the world under one roof (Symeonides 2013). It is already mentioned that different countries and states had their different rules and regulations. Therefore, it was very difficult for the companies to adopt in different rules and regulations at the time of exploration. Besides, another importance of this law is, it serves equality among the countries. Countries like Nigeria did not have any rules and regulations over oil and gas exploration processes (Wenrui et al. 2013). Therefore, companies could use any methods and procedures to extract oil and other hydrocarbons. Sometimes their methods caused severe harms to the environment in backward countries while countries like UK, US, OMAN and UAE established strict laws to protect their environment. International oil and gas law is, therefore, bringing all the countries under one law with an objective to protect the environment and local peo ple. References Baker, B., 2013. 10. Oil and Gas Regulation in the United States Arctic Offshore.Polar Law Textbook II, p.175. Bamberger, M. and Oswald, R.E., 2014. Unconventional oil and gas extraction and animal health.Environmental Science: Processes Impacts,16(8), pp.1860-1865. Borgerson, S., 2013. The coming Arctic boom.Foreign Affairs,92(4), pp.76-89. Christiansen, M.D., 2014. Oil and Gas Litigation Update for the North Dakota State Courts.NDL Rev.,90, p.267. DeMeritt, J.H. and Young, J.K., 2013. A political economy of human rights: Oil, natural gas, and state incentives to repress1.Conflict Management and Peace Science,30(2), pp.99-120. Grooms, K.K., 2015. Enforcing the Clean Water Act: The effect of state-level corruption on compliance.Journal of Environmental Economics and Management,73, pp.50-78. Haberl, H., Schulze, E.D., Krner, C., Law, B.E., Holtsmark, B. and Luyssaert, S., 2013. Response: complexities of sustainable forest use.GCB Bioenergy,5(1), pp.1-2. Kulander, C., 2013. 2012 Texas Oil and Gas Case Law Update.Tex. AM L. Rev.,1, p.287. Kulander, C., 2014. 2014 Oil and Gas Case Law Update.Tex. Tech L. Rev.,47, p.661. Lowe, J.S., Anderson, O.L., Smith, E.E., Pierce Jr, D.E. and Kulander, C.S., 2012.Cases and Materials on Oil and Gas Law. URL https://works.bepress.com/owen_anderson/1/ McFarland, J.B., 2013. Oil and Gas Law.GPSolo,30, p.38. Opp, S.M., 2012. Environmental justice and the Resource Conservation Recovery Act inspection and enforcement process.International Review of Public Administration,17(1), pp.179-192. Ratner, M. and Tiemann, M., 2014. An overview of unconventional oil and natural gas: resources and federal actions.Congressional Research Service Report,43148. Ross, M.L. and Voeten, E., 2015. Oil and international cooperation.International Studies Quarterly, p.sqv003. Skogdalen, J.E. and Vinnem, J.E., 2012. Quantitative risk analysis of oil and gas drilling, using Deepwater Horizon as case study.Reliability Engineering System Safety,100, pp.58-66. Symeonides, S.C., 2013. Hague Principles on Choice of Law for International Contracts: Some Preliminary Comments, The.Am. J. Comp. L.,61, p.873. Truss, J.M. and Robertson, B., 2012. Texas Oil and Gas Case Law Update.Tex. Wesleyan L. Rev.,19, p.575. Wenrui, H., Jingwei, B.A.O. and Bin, H.U., 2013. Trend and progress in global oil and gas exploration.Petroleum Exploration and Development,40(4), pp.439-443.

The Many Benefits of ObamaCare Essay Example For Students

The Many Benefits of ObamaCare Essay President Barack Obama signed the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act into law on March 20, 2010. Prior to this mandate, individuals with pre-existing conditions were often unable to attain health care coverage. Controversy surrounded health care reform long before the enactment of the Affordable Care Act. While President Clinton’s administration failed to overhaul our nation’s health care system in 1993 with the Health Security Act, the Affordable Care Act was the most sweeping national reform since President Lyndon Johnson’s Social Security Amendments Act created Medicare and Medicaid. Although this law has faced fierce opposition, the Affordable Care Act will help Americans lead healthier lifestyles, while increasing their financial stability. We will write a custom essay on The Many Benefits of ObamaCare specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Under the Affordable Care Act, also known as ObamaCare, insurance companies are no longer allowed to discriminate against individuals with pre-existing health conditions. Uninsured children with pre-existing conditions, such as cancer or diabetes, are now able to access health insurance plans. Not only are insurance companies now unable to reject health insurance plans for children hampered with pre-existing conditions, it is no longer legal for insurers to deny coverage to adults based on their medical history. Before Congress had passed this law, insurance companies were able to charge different prices for health insurance based on the gender or health status of an individual. The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, as of 2014, made it possible for every citizen to achieve health coverage, regardless of any previous medical condition (WebMD). ObamaCare has also outlawed annual and lifetime limits that were often used by insurance companies as justification for. .3/09/23/not-affordable-care-act-avik-roy-editorials-debates/2858175/>. Substance Abuse Mental Health Services Administration. New National Strategy Paves Way for Reducing Suicide Deaths. Substances Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, 10 Sept. 2012. Web. 16 Apr. 2014. aspx>. Walsh, Michael. U.S. Vets Commit Suicide at Alarming Rate: VA Study. NY Daily News. NY Daily News, 2 Feb. 2013. Web. 16 Apr. 2014. nydailynews.com/news/national/u-s-vets-commit-suicide-alarming-rate-study-article-1.1253900>. Walton, Alice G. Why More Americans Suffer From Mental Disorders Than Anyone Else. The Atlantic. Atlantic Media Company, 04 Oct. 2011. Web. 16 Apr. 2014. theatlantic.com/health/archive/2011/10/why-more-americans-suffer-from-mental-disorders-than-anyone-else/246035/#slide3>.

How to Add Privacy and Security to Your Coschedule Account + Content

How to Add Privacy and Security to Your Account + Content We’ve all heard stories about [insert any terrible instance of brand sabotage]. Stories of a little too much trustand not enough security. The stories of users deleting content or publishing a blog post too soon (by accidentor not) or someone with incorrect permissions seeing something they shouldn’t†¦ And the worst casesomeone leaving a company (usually not by choice)  and doing everything they can to take it down with them. Not cool. How To Add Privacy To Your Calendar and Secure Your [Awesome] ContentThe information age can be a scary place, one where your brand’s reputation is always on the line. Here at , we want to give you peace of mind and know that the security of your calendar is our absolute *TOP*  priority. Plus, we make it easy to manage your calendar’s users, roles, and permissions. With you can: Add multi-layered privacy to your calendar with custom user + role permissions. Know exactly what each team member has access to (at any given moment). Limit  the visibility of content on your calendar  by managing the access of multiple teams or users, so they can focus on the content that matters to them (nothing more, nothing less). Control your content  by granting users read only, drafting or full editing rights. Easily restrict publishing rights to specific users, so you can rest assured your content gets published (the right way) every time. Because our goal is to keep your calendar marketing efforts†¦ †¦AND your brand’s reputation as secure as possible. ðŸ‘Å' Add Multi-Layered Privacy To Your Calendar You’ve got quite a few people inside your calendar. †¦.with each person contributing in a different way. Which is great! But, since they aren’t all in the same  roles, each person on your team might need varying permissions when it comes to accessing your calendar. With , you can easily create + edit custom user permissions based on the level of access you want a specific person to have. For example, your intern probably needs WAY less access to all the content on your calendar than your marketing manager. Or if you work in an agency with multiple clients on the same calendar, you can easily set up both your clients and agency team members with custom user permissionswithout making it difficult for everyone to work inside your calendar. And creating a layer of privacy, especially when there may be confidential items that may be listed on your calendar, is a nice option to have. It’s real nice. Get Started Using Custom User Permissions For example’s sake, let’s pretend you’ve just hired a new employee. To invite a new user and customize their permissions, head into your Settings, and select â€Å"Team† from the left hand side bar.  Once you get to the Team Page, select â€Å"Invite New User.† Choose â€Å"Invite via Email† and add an email address. (skip the WordPress Author piece for now. If they end up being able to post blogs through your calendar, you can add a WordPress Author at a later time). Then, select the role (or level of access), you want to give each new team member. If you’re just starting with team permissions, the only option you’ll have is to assign the new person as a â€Å"User† or a â€Å"Guest.† Once you start creating custom roles, that’s where you can get really specific with access levels. For a breakdown of the difference between a â€Å"user† and a â€Å"guest†Ã‚  check out the comparison below: If you choose to give â€Å"user† access, your team member can also be given â€Å"admin†Ã‚  access by turning the button from â€Å"OFF† to â€Å"ON.† Users without admin access can only access Social Profiles in the calendars settings (no other settings options will be visible). So, they won’t even be able to see the Team Settings page that you’re in now unless they are given â€Å"admin† access. Once you have successfully added a new user, you will be directed back to the main Team page. Here you will notice that you can view all the varying levels of access each current team member has, and easily edit the permissions of a specific user if needed. For instance, if you have to let someone go from your team, you can use the team permissions page as a kill switch by quickly editing their permissions to â€Å"read-only† so you can protect your content and your calendar. *whew* With , you can even create custom role permissions  within your team settings. Basically, custom role permissions allow you to create a permissions template if you have (or are going to have) multiple people you consider to be in the same role. This saves you time from having to manually assign the same permissions in the future. ^^#timesaver So by creating custom roles, the next time you hire a project manager or social media intern, it’s quick and easy  to set them up with specific levels of access in your calendar. Besides being able to add internal users (and customize their permissions) to your calendar, you can also add an outside user as a â€Å"Guest† within your calendar (Team Pro or Multi Calendar plans only). Why is that awesome? If someone is added as a â€Å"Guest† the only thing they can view and edit is the project they have been assigned to by a user inside the calendar. For instance, if you are working with another company on a single campaign or blog post, you might not want them to see everything your team is working on. Easily set up custom user and role permissions within your calendar to give yourself peace of mind. Waithow does it do that?! Because now you will know if each person in your calendar has the correct amount of access they need to effectively work on their content saving you time AND your precious mental energy. No more worrying for you! And that’s pretty awesome. Limit The Visibility Of Content On Your Calendar You use your calendar for EVERYTHING. Every marketing campaign, every blog post, every social promotion, and every task. But sometimes†¦ there might be private or confidential information  that you still have to plan for†¦ or you want to limit who can see what because it’s not relevant  to them†¦ And that’s when the idea of sharing everything on your calendar with everyone†¦ suddenly becomes a little less than ideal. But luckily, with you can easily  limit the visibility of content on your calendar. For instance, if you work at a company with multiple teams, you may want each team to see only their specific content (to eliminate clutter on their calendars, or, I don’t know, to actually keep a top secret project, a secret). And if you’re an agency with multiple clients on your calendar, you can use this feature to easily adjust each client’s visibility settings so they can only see the content they should seeand nothing more. For example, if your client is â€Å"Pho Shizzle†Ã‚  you are able to create a new role within your team permissions and actually call it â€Å"Pho Shizzle† Once you’ve given the role a name, simply select the permission settings that will work best for you: Content: Decide what they can see (content they own or are following versus  all content on the calendar), if they can create content, edit it, delete content, or if they can publish the content. Social Messages:  Decide which profiles they are allowed to see or post from. Events + Notes:  Decide if they are allowed to create, edit, or delete events or notes. ReQueue Groups:  Decide if they will be able to add, modify or delete ReQueue Groups AND ReQueue Messages. Team Filtering:  Decide if they can interact with other team members (and who). Admin Settings:  Decide if they are a social, team, or full admin of the calendar. And while using a single calendar and creating custom roles is pretty darn effective, if you are an agency with a lot of clients, we recommend a Multi-Calendar plan as your simplest + easiest solution for keeping client work separate from  other  client work. The the biggest perk of being able to create custom roles? As the admin, you can still see EVERYTHING that is going on within your calendarwhile everyone else can only see the specific content that matters to them. Sometimes there are things you don’t want everyone to see. Like a top secret feature launchor another client’s marketing campaign†¦ or that super-hilarious blog post called the â€Å"Top 10 Reasons to Open a Hot Dog Stand† you’ve been planning†¦(no judgement here). Whatever your reason, easily limit the visibility of content on your calendar with . ðŸ™Å' Control Your Content Remember when it was just you managing your calendar? Every editpublishing date†¦social messageit was up to you to make the final call. Times may have changed (or maybe never existed if you’ve always worked in a large team), but that doesn’t mean you need to give up complete control of your content. With , you can grant users read-only, drafting or full editing rights  when it comes to your content. For instance, if you work in an agency and have a client who has access to your calendar, you can easily control the amount of access based on what works best for your partnership. Or, if you work in a large company and your boss (or bosses) only needs to be able to view documents (but will never make any edits directly in the calendar), it’s simple to give them â€Å"read-only† access. You can even restrict publishing rights  to specific users (or single user) so you can rest assured your content gets published the right way,  every time, by someone you trust. Simply find the user you want to adjust within your â€Å"Team† page, and decide the level of publishing access you want to give them throughout your [entire] calendar. Why are restricted publishing rights useful? Let’s say you have an intern and want them to have the ability to draft content, but unable to publish to your blog or social accounts. (Recommended!) Or you want to limit the users who can publish (for accountability’s sake), because you’ve established a good amount of trust in them and don’t want so many hands in the mix. And let’s be realyou’re also trying to avoid some pretty terrible marketing mishaps: *like when Rhode Island accidentally posted a promo video about their state with footage from Iceland on their Twitter account* (someone could have checked, right) OR *when someone accidentally posted on the US Justice Department’s Twitter account instead of their own*  (signing in and out of accounts could be avoided if you scheduled your social through just saying) Tisk, tisk. Plus, as an extra level of control, you can easily check and see who posted any  of your content using our handy Security Access Logs (located within your Team Settings). We know that the security of your calendar is SUPER important†¦ and we also know how much of a task it can be just managing all the settings on your calendar. Which is why we make it EASY to manage your permissions. Set it and forget it OR easily update a user at a moment’s notice. Just call yourself Security Captain†¦ because with , your marketing calendar (and your brand’s reputation) has never been safer.

Exploring Human Nature and Destruction Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Exploring Human Nature and Destruction - Essay Example For some it is to do in good for one another, for others it is just to make it another day. Human nature consists of moments of love, hate, passion, living and dying. In this case, it is destruction, both in war conflict and from the standpoint of considering suicide to end an internal war. A person is born and a person will die but it is what the person does in between these two milestones that is of importance. The purpose of life is unknown but while these writers look at a reflection of human nature, only each individual can narrate their own story. When looking at the references that William Manchester discusses, he analyzes the concept of war. He includes in his essay about Okinawa the concept that war has existed for several years. Manchester uses World War II as a reference discussing how it came to an end eventually with the United States being crippled in the middle of war by its opponents. Using a landing force, a fleet of 1200 ships as part of the United States invasion i n Okinawa, the people on these ships were subjected to attack from other ships in the sea and from the dropping of deadly bombs from the air. When analyzing the two enemy forces, the goals were similar: to destroy one another. The Japanese planned to attack the United States Marines as they approached the island by sinking the ships. Alternately, the Marines were on a mission to attack the Japanese by creeping onto shore and driving them into the sea (Manchester). While this is just a simple narrative of a historical event that deeply impacted the United States, it is evident that human nature was at work here. Both Americans and Japanese fighters were together in combat but were working against each other. Both sides of the war saw their opponents as enemies and the goal was to kill or destroy. Each side desired to win the victory of the war. Human nature is at work here because by just where a person was born determined which side they fought on. While many outsiders rarely know t he purpose of a war, the goal is always for their country to be victorious. It is like rooting for a team, wanting to see the opponents walk away, holding their heads in shame. Everyone wants to be on the winning team. Though human nature is not necessarily to kill, it is to fight for one's own side. When looking at this issue further, these U.S. Marines did not know each other when they walked into battle but they became teammates, fighting for their country, fighting for their lives and most of all, fighting for each other. Outside of war, they may have had nothing in common but in war, they let down all guards and help each other toward a common goal. Being an American or being Japanese gave each person in this war an identity. This defines battle lines and identifies the enemy. Marines more than likely had a feeling of hatred toward their Japanese enemies and as a result, aimed toward destroying them. When it comes to human nature, what goes on in one's mind that causes destruct ion? In war, it is the motive to devote oneself to their country and pray to come home to their families alive. However, some people self destruct as well, fighting a battle against themselves. This issue is discussed by Hoagland's essay discussing â€Å"Heaven and Nature,† and describes suicide. A person that is contemplating suicide is instead at war with themselves. Human nature is a different force here where a

Total quality management (TQM) is a systemic approach to productivity Essay

Total quality management (TQM) is a systemic approach to productivity enhancement - Essay Example Although, above stated definitions with relative explanation satisfy the introduction of TQM; International Standard Organization1 defines it as, "TQM is a management approach for an organization, centered on quality, based on the participation of all its members and aiming at long-term success through customer satisfaction, and benefits to all members of the organization and to society." For an organization to implement TQM, it must maintain above stated quality standard in all aspects of its business. This requires ensuring that things are done right way the first time and that defects and waste are eliminated from operations. Globalization makes quality take place. As the companies get bigger, there is an increasing demand for Just In Time Management. This makes things move faster, while further approaching towards globalization while being responsible for the removal of tailback in manufacture along with resulting in high quality production. Therefore, it can be said that the impact of globalization on quality is positive. On the other hand, globalization has also brought some most important confrontations for quality2. The augmented struggle among organizations across the world is more forceful than before. This leads to the fact the producing the products at the lowest cost may win in the end; which implicates that the marketplace may only be motivated on price factor and not on all other factors which put in value to a product (Layne Gobrogg, journal article). When the marketplace grows to be sensitive to price only, service and quality suffer. Hence, what the world has seen in the recent times is exactly what has been discussed. Quality oriented textile industry in Pakistan has almost completely shifted to China which produces products at the lowest possible cost and minimal quality. This reflects the exact impact of how globalization affects quality, whether it be directly or indirectly. Traditional Management Styles vs. Quality Focused Management Styles: Total quality management has changed the traditional management style forever. Traditional style of management focuses on internal activities while assuming that products or services provided by organization are good in quality. However, total quality management focuses on the customer as the ultimate decider of the quality. Perhaps, the major difference between total quality management and traditional management style is the delegation of the authority with responsibility of the quality to the various levels of management, particularly to the middle level management. For this, TQM requires very high level of teamwork, unlike traditional style of management. Along with above stated differences, the other major difference is that TQM makes decisions on evidences of facts and figures, unlike traditional management style. Perhaps, this is the reason why TQM has been more successful than originally thought. Application of TQM: Before implementing TQM, top level management must have total faith in its implementation process3. TQM can be implemented in an organization through a step wise strategy. My strategy for Starbucks will be as following; 1. Appointment of a representative for coordinating the TQM implementation pr

From Production Line to Segmentation of Production Essay Example for Free

From Production Line to Segmentation of Production Essay 1. Introduction Competition has changed: Technical Innovations, globalisation of markets, cultural shifts within societies and new and efficient competitors put strain on the organisation of production within a firm. Many markets display a state of saturation that leads to a change in growth: Not quantitative growth is what firms are aiming at, but qualitative growth (Wildemann 1998:1). The improvement of the production is one way to establish qualitative growth its means are twofold (at least): First, it is possible to change the production in order to produce a better output with less cost. Second, it is possible to synchronise production and market as to enable the production to react quickly to changes in the market, i.e. the consumer behaviour. One way to reach both aims is to reorganise the production, i.e. to segment the production: With the establishment of product oriented production units a cheaper production is possible (Maier 1993: 25). Economics owe the focus on the segmentation of production with all its advantages to Wickham Skinner (1969, 1974 and 1986). With his book The Focused Factory he provided the ground for what is nowadays discussed under the headline: segmentation of production. Skinner did not develop a new insight in efficient ways to produce; he transferred to the American and European auditorium what has been practiced in Japan since the beginning of Industrialisation. This paper deals with change; with the change in the way cars are manufactured. A car manufacturers production unit until now divided into different production lines has to be transformed into segmented production. This is a big change; a change, which has to be dealt with in other words, it, is a case for change management. The scope of this paper is therefore not limited to displaying the advantages of a segmented production (which nevertheless will be done in chapter 2), but extends further to the management of the respective change. Chapter 4 is devoted to the change management: How should the new organisation of production be implemented? What problems may occur? What solutions to the problems can be provided? These and more questions will be put and answered in chapter 4. In chapter 3 a brief overview of change management within the (alleged) broader framework of project management will be given. Chapter 5 sums the results obtained in the previous chapters and evaluates the va lue of change management. 2. Efficient production with segmented production units Segmentation of production is according to Wildemann a holistic approach, aiming at a better market- and product orientation of the firm (Wildemann 1998: 31). Therefore, it is necessary to link production units to a specific product. By that, the relation to Skinner is establish, who discovered the focussed factory for the Western Economies: a companys competitive strategy at a given time places particular demands on its manufacturing function, and, conversely () the companys manufacturing posture and operations should be specifically designed to fulfil the task demanded by strategic plans (Skinner 1969: 138-139). A focussed factory means accordingly flexible reactions to market changes and the cost efficient realisation of strategic plans, e.g. the development and introduction of new products. The focused factory is not a big factory. It is rather a small one where the different production units are linked to a specific segment of the market a specific product: A factory that focuses on a narrow product mix for a particular market niche will outperform the conventional plant, which attempts a broader mission (). Its [the factorys with the narrow product mix] equipment, supporting systems, and procedures can concentrate on a limited task for one set of customers. () Such a plant can become a competitive weapon because its entire apparatus is focused to accomplish the particular manufacturing task demanded by the companys overall strategy and marketing objective (Skinner 1974: 114). Given the fact (provided it is a fact) that smaller firms or factories are compared to bigger firms or factories and with respect to costs and production better off, it is not surprising that there is a considerable trend to segmenting the production. Furthermore, transaction costs within a small or segmented firm are smaller compared to the bigger ones. A transaction is the delivery of a property or good via an interface that can be technically divided. One activity ends another starts (Williamson 1990:1). While crossing the interface a sample of costs is produced costs that can be at least in parts avoided: The aim of a segmentation of production is to disentangle production units and capacity. Large units should be divided in small units. Teamwork should be establish small teams giving the individual employee more responsibility. This should result in more autonomy of the individual employee, and boost his or her motivation, thereby increasing the quality of the work done by the employees. In Germany, it was Dietmar Tress who conceptualised for the first time smaller units as an organisational structure. Smaller Units, so his thesis, reduce the time that is needed to produce a product. The lesser time it takes to produce a good or a product, the better the competitiveness of a firm, the better its ability to deliver goods and the smaller the amount of capital needed to produce the respective good or product. While evolving his thesis Tress realised the reasons that stood against an effective production. The reasons mentioned by Tress are: division of labour, old patterns of reasoning and bureaucracy (Feser 1999: 19). Having carved out the problems, Tress submit his solution: He proposes that all necessary functions (for the production) and the aimed link between product and demand should be concentrated in a single hand and that the production flow should be kept within reasonable limits (Tress 1986: 184). According to Tress it is decisive that the production flow is c lear, understandable, and transparent. A single employee should be able to single out his or her contribution to the product (Tress 1986: 185). Segmenting the production further provides capacity utilisation and to reach that goal teamwork is needed: Small groups of employees should work in a self-responsible way within decentralized teams. Furthermore, those teams should take over different tasks. At this point the interrelation between the discussion on segmenting production and the discussion on human resource management becomes obvious. According to Baron and Kreps (1999: 3) Human Resources are the key to organizational success or failure. Human resource management including the concepts of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation may be seen as the countermovement to the alienation of the worker form the product of his work, as observed by Karl Marx in the 19th Century: Workers who contribute more broadly to a final product () are more apt to identify with a product and to reflect pride in its quality (Baron Kreps 1999: 317). Identification with a product raises the working morale, which means that the work satisfaction goes up. Worker or employees, who are content or satisfied with their work, work better. The determinants enabling this comfort are established by segmenting the production. And that is, where the problem starts: How can a segmented production be implemented? How can a factory divided in production lines become a focused factory divided in small working units or teams? The question at hand is a question of change management or project management. In the next part, the project of change will be unfolded. 3. Projects for managing change Change is something that happens all the time and everywhere. But change within a firm or to put it more scientifically change within economics appears to be a frightening prospect. Change cannot be left to itself; it has to be planned, controlled and coordinated. Problems, rising in the pursuit of change, have to be predicted, dangers for the project have to be identified and eliminated. All this is done by change management or within the (alleged) broader scope of project management. To put it differently, change management is the trial to direct change into the right channels. Project management is the trial to direct everything new within a firm into the right channels. It appears that there is not much difference between project and change management, one can almost say, they are different words meaning the same. A project is considered to be something unique, something that will not be repeated (Schelle 1999: 11). Project management means the totality of executive functions, the techniques, and means necessary to carry out a project. Replacing project by change, change management can be addressed as the totality of executive functions, techniques, and means that are necessary to alter something old into something new. At first it is according to most authors of the utmost importance for a change or project management to establish a structure plan, in which the implementation of whatever should be changed, is scheduled according to a time table connected with goals that have to be reached at a certain point in time. The structure plan is according to Schelle (1999: 93) a simple and useful tool. The structure plan is the meta plan. Apart from the structure plan there is the running order listing sub goals and so on. Once a project is initiated the control of the project is of crucial importance. A constant control is necessary to identify deviations from the plan or goal as soon as possible and to steer against unwanted consequences (Nà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½chter 2003: 377). Project control in this sense means to identify problems, to solve the problems, to recalibrate the project after some deviations from the plan occurred and to rescue the goal in spite of serious problems. Problems may emerge from different sources: Externalities may cause problems: Green activists may occupy the land that is designated to host the new factory, due to a seldom species of warbler. The construction of the new building itself may cause problems: A building contractor may file for bankruptcy. A delay in constructing the new factory may lead to an explosion of the costs and so on. Apart form those externalities there are sources that nurture problems within the firm: Employees may fear for privileges, for their job or for loosing power. Resistance to the change may arise from different sources all linked to the fact, that men is unwilling to change what seems to be good and worked well until now. And to convince employees of the benefits that come along with the new way of producing one thing is needed: change management. 4. From production lines to segmented production: An example Company R wants to segment its production. Being a car manufacturer organized in different product lines the company wants to become a focussed factory by establishing two production units each producing a specific type of cars. While segment A is chosen to produce the mini from start to end, segment B should produce the sport car. At the start of the change, company R is organised as follows in part 1 of the company the car body is being build, in part 2 the car body is being varnished and in part 3 the different parts of the car are being assembled. In the future company R shall be structured as follows: in line A the car body of the mini is being build, varnished and furthermore, the mini is being assembled; in line B the car body of the sport car is being build, varnished and assembled; At the moment three interfaces exist within company R: Between the car body builder, the varnish, and the assembler. Between these three parts of the company a steady flow of material has to be ensured. Furthermore, all three parts of the company depend on different suppliers. In the past a bottleneck between car body builder and the varnish has become a rule resulting in a temporarily standstill. So the new structure of the firm should guarantee a full capacity utilisation, by reducing the logistic efforts necessary to provide each of the three parts of the company with its amount of supply to avoid a standstill of machines and employees. Moreover, the link between company R and its markets should become closer. At the moment the company produces a monthly number of cars irrespective of the demand. If the demand goes up, the employees have to work overtime to satisfy the demand. If the demand goes down, the employees do their daily stint and the cars that cannot be sold were stored causing storing-costs. And this is where the project change comes into being. 4.1. Planning the change There are a lot of variables that administer a certain influence on the project deciding whether it is going to be a success or a failure. According to Eckrich (2003) two of those variables can be dubbed as structural and cultural conditions imposed by the environment within the firm or company. Structural conditions relate to the hierarchy within the company, while cultural conditions describe the way the employees within a company treat each other. Eckrich distinguishes cultural conditions into behaviour, attitudes and values, a distinction that reminds at concepts indigenous to social psychology. While social psychologists quarrel with each other on the relation between attitudes and behaviour (some of them even asking if there is any relation between both, cf. Six 1975, Bierhoff 1993: 280-288), Eckrich holds the opinion, that the behaviour of people is influenced if not determined by their attitudes, and by knowing the attitudes one can deduce the behaviour. Consequently, he recommends a questionnaire at the beginning of the change management project to discover the attitudes of the employees concerning the change of their working environment. Company R is a rather small company, employing 803 employees. It is best described as a company with flat hierarchies, stratified in management, departmental managers and masters. While the aim of this paper is to show the problems associated with the project change (or at least those that may be associated with the project change), I assume that the employees of company R take a critical stance to the change of the production, some of them even form a sort of resistance. Especially among the masters resistance is widespread. They fear they might loose responsibilities and some of them think they might even loose their job. The core of this paper is therefore concerned with what is called by Uebel and Helmke (2003: 415) escalations caused by individuals (personenbedingte Eskalationen). Escalations caused by individuals have to be distinguished from quantitative escalations and from qualitative escalations at least according to Uebel and Helmke (2003: 416). Of particular interest for this paper are escalations caused by individuals. (One might wonder if there are escalations which can be though of as being not caused by humans.) 4.2. Controlling the change Control is a matter of plan. To evaluate the progress of the project, the project manager has to look at the structure plan. He has to compare whether what has been reached is identical with what should have been reached. According to Nà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½chter (2003: 395) this is crucial, since it is the only possibility to identify deviation from the plan. To serve the purpose of early warning system the structure plan must be enriched with data, with the amount of time worked on a particular (interim) goal of the plan, with the state of the art and so forth. With respect to company R these rather general advices come to life: Important for the success of the segmentation in the company is an additional qualification of the employees. Furthermore, their work after the segmentation will be varied, i.e. they will have more different tasks to fulfil. This is in accordance with the results of the human resource management saying that employees that are not tied up in their daily routines, but kept busy with a bunch of different tasks show a higher degree of motivation and in the end do a better job than employees tied up in their daily routine. Independently from the results of the human resource management the change in company R is more than some can bear. For some employees the additional qualifications they are expected to achieve are a heavy burden and for the masters it becomes clear that the new structure of the company can only be reached by taking away the responsibilities from the masters. And in the end, Angst (fear) arises, and An gst (fear) is the widespread cause for resistance. 4.3. The problems of change Angst (fear) has been identified as the main reason of those showing resistance to the project of change. Following Uebel and Helmke (2003: 424), Angst (fear) can be subdivided into fear for power and fear for subject. While those with fear for power oppose the project due to their expectation that they will loose power, which means in the first place influence within the company, those with fear for subject oppose the project due to their expectation that they will loose responsibilities. The distinction is not a sharp, but rather arbitrary one. It is not obvious that the loss of responsibilities is not accompanied by a loss of power. However, those with fear for subject are anxious that they might loose reputation, end up with a smaller budget and so on. It has to be mentioned that Angst is a rather peculiar word for what is meant by Uebel and Helmke. They describe the common place that change has its pros and its cons. While change brings some advantages, some advantages of the old times will be lost. In other words, change may become a trade-off or worse, change might mean redundancy. Therefore, it is obvious from the very beginning that change management has to deal with problems. Problems are not something that arises as a matter of bad circumstances. Problems are the natural companion of change. In company R there are problems. The change of the production modus has been scheduled for spring and that was a mistake. In spring the demand for sport cars is high and a high demand and a different work environment is too much. The employees faced with frequent delays and the necessity to work overtime is dissatisfied. Resistance rises to protest. It starts with unofficial meetings held be employees and ends up in strike. The production stands still and so does the project. Change, it seems, has stopped. Uebel and Helmke write a lot about Angst (fear) and the different shapes it may use, and the risks Angst holds for the success of the project. But, as is the fact in company R, what can one do, if the problems are that massive that the project can be doomed to failure? Uebel and Helmke provide no answer. Instead they pronounce the value of plans for the crisis. One has to formulate worst-case scenarios within those plans (Uebel Helmke 2003: 428). Worst-case scenarios may be back or forward oriented. Backward orientation means that the problems can be solved and the goal of the project can be reached. Forward orientation means the contrary. The project is a failure and the plan has to include the plan X the withdrawal with as less causalities as possible. This provides no solution for company R. Is the change from line production to segmented production a failure? Is there a possibility to carry on? Hansel and Lomnitz (2003: 131-134) mention that there are no possibilities to reduce resistance with respect to specific goals of projects: An employee who will lose his job will not act in favour of the proposed change. To expect that, is out-of-touch. Furthermore, there are employees for whom it is dubious whether they will win or loose in the course of the project. So: resistance is natural and the only way to deal with resistance is communication and information. Transparency is the golden rule. The employees should know what change would bring, why change is necessary (Hansel Lomnitz 2003: 134-135). Maybe information can lead to a good end for company R. Rumours are the cause for concern in company R. Rumours about the real aim of the project being a job killer. Other rumours concern plans to reduce salary suspecting the hidden intention behind the plan to segment production is to cut down salaries. Those rumours may be dealt with in an agency theoretical framework: The relationship of agency is one of the oldest and commonest codified modes of social interaction. We will say that an agency relationship has arisen between two (or more) parties when one, designated as the agent, acts for the other, designated the principal, in a particular domain of decision problems (Ross 1973: 134). Starting from here it has to be considered that both sides face some information shortcuts, with the employees having no distinct knowledge of the goals pursuit by the management and the management having no accurate assessment of the behaviour of the employees during the course of the project and thereafter: In the course of the action some problems may arise due to the fact that information is not fully spread. The problems are labelled within the Agency theory as averse selection, meaning that one cannot be sure, if what the principal or the agent claims to provide is in fact what he can provide, moral hazard, which means that an agent or an principal can defect after the contract is established and hidden intention, speaking for itself (Krapp 2000). This excursion trip into the fields of agency theory results in the knowledge that Hansel and Lomnitz are right: The solutions to the problems the agency theory analysis is usually a form of information included in a contract. (Leaving the monitoring of the agent by the principal and the bonding of both to given promises aside.) So information, i.e. the spread of information may be a possible escape from the deadlock for the project change of company R. First, as a signal of confidence the project manager has been dismissed. He has proven to be unable to manage conflict. Under his rule rumour mill flourished and the actual state of the (project) art is much behind the expected state. The new project managers first act was to hold a meeting with all employees and to tell every single employee what he has to expect. In the end he succeeds in cranking the project. 4.4. The change or the end of the project In the course of the project experiences and knowledge should be collected for further or future change management, so as to learn from the errors made. The end of the project is marked by stocktaking. What has been reached is confronted with what should have been reached. Company R is nowadays a car manufacturer with a segmented production and therefore able to adapt its production in short time to the demand of the market. The segmented production started some weeks later than it has been scheduled, which is owed to the problems reported above. But the policy adapted by the new project manager has proven to function. He has succeeded in creating a common spirit and calming down the moods. The fact that work will be much more varied after the change has increased the motivation of most employees, the success of the project has become the intrinsic motivation for those employees: According to this survey, a large percentage of employees seem motivated at work by something other than the compensation received. () 72% responded that theyd continue to work even if they were already financially comfortable for the rest of their lives. Half the survey respondents agreed with an item stating that what I do at work is more important to me than the money I earn' (Baron Kreps 1999: 101). There is a specific quality inherent to work, a quality that is different from the motive to make a living. Intrinsic motivation stands for the fact that some or many or most of the workers want to do a work that is interesting, sophisticated, and provides a certain amount of reputation. Some of the employees of company R realised that a segmented production goes along with new job opportunities, with more responsibilities, with a flexible work scheme and so forth. Those employees made the change to their own project, a project they wanted to support and did support. 5. About change and its management The aim of this paper is twofold: on the one hand the subject is change management. But change management is a general concept, which one can describe in general terms as did Uebel and Helmke (2003). The problem is, that general terms despite sounding good have nothing to say about the management of change. Therefore, an example have been chosen to elucidate what change management really is. Change of a car manufacturers production from production lines to a segmented production, has been chosen as an example. The segmentation of the production is expected to be a project of change management that can often be found in reality. This is due to the advantages a segmented production provides its users with: a more flexible reaction to the demands of the market and a less costly production. Having established the example used to exemplify the change management it was necessary to describe what is known as project management. Thereby, it could be shown that the topics of project management and change management are not different as they both deal with new things that should replace old things. So it has been decided to treat them as equal. Then company R has been introduced. Company R is a medium sized company with flat hierarchies and massive problems occurring during the course of the change from production line to segmented production. The problems or escalations as some dub them are related to individuals, individuals or employees who resist for different reasons the proposed change. To deal with resistance and to provide the ground for the new organisation of the production is the task of change management. And, it appeared, that the best way to manage change is by adapting an open communication policy. This is what Hansel and Lomnitz propose and what has been derived from a brief look at the agency theory: Both sides trying to establish a deal have an information deficit on their side. Both do not know, if their counterpart is opportunistic in the sense of Williamson (1990), i.e., that he is trying to cheat. This is what the rumour mills in company R produced: the segmented production is a fake used by the management to cut down salaries, sack employees and rationalize the company. In the end, the project manager had been sacked and the segmented production had been established. The key to the solution was information and intrinsic motivation. Information had been provided by the new project manager, telling the employees that no one will be sacked and that salaries go if anywhere than up. Furthermore, the hint that a new organisation of the production provides new opportunities for qualification and new responsibilities raised the intrinsic motivation of many employees. They made the change to their project and supported it. And at the end of the paper a rule for change management can be derived: For a successful management of change it is necessary to involve the employees and to improve intrinsic motivation. 6. Literature Baron, James N. Kreps, David M., 1999: Strategic Human Resources. Frameworks for General Managers. New York a.o.: John Wiley. Beer, M., Eisenstat, R.A. and Spector, B., 1990: The Critical Path to Corporate Renewal. Boston, Massachusetts: Harvard Business School Press Bierhoff, Hans-Werner, 1993: Sozialpsychologie ein Lehrbuch. Stuttgart: Kohlhammer. Burghardt, Manfred, 2002: Projektmanagement. Leitfaden fà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½r die Planung und Steuerung von Entwicklungsprojekten. Erlangen: Publicis Corporate Publishing. 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Harvard Business Review 64, 55-59. Skinner, Wickham, 1974: The Focused Factory. Harvard Business Review 52, 113-121. Skinner, Wickham, 1969: Manufacturing Missing Link in Corporate Strategy. Harvard Business Review 47, 136-145. Six, Bernhard, 1975: Die Relation von Einstellung und Verhalten. Zeitschrift fà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½r Sozialpsychologie 6, 270-296. Tress, Dietmar W., 1986: Kleine Einheiten in der Produktion: Wer wachsen will, muss kleiner werden. Fà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½hrung und Organisation 55, 181-186. Uebel, Matthias F. Helmke, Stefan, 2003: Eskalationsmanagement in Projekten. S. 413-429 in: Bernecker, Michael Eckrich, Klaus (Hrsg.): Handbuch Projektmanagement. Mà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½nchen, Wien: R. Oldenbourg. Wildemann, Horst, 1998: Die modulare Fabrik. Kundennahe Produktion durch Fertigungssegmentierung. Mà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½nchen: TCW-Transfer-Centrum GmbH. Appendix 1 Theoretical Framework Phase Models of Organizational Change Any change process can be thought of as going through distinct phases or stages. The purpose of this section is to provide theoretical background information of phase models of change. Linear Models Linear models see the change process as linear, progressing from a present state, through a transition state to a future state. The implicit assumption is that the future state is more desirable than the present state. Lewin provided one of the early fundamental linear models of the change process. He observed that any living system is always in a state of change, but will tend toward a quasistationary equilibrium. (Lewin 1947: 15-16). The level of behaviour of the system at any moment is the result of two sets of forces: those striving to maintain the status quo and those pushing for change. When both sets of forces are equal, current levels of behaviour are maintained. In order to change the equilibrium, one can either increase those forces pushing for change or decrease those forces maintaining the current state. Lewin viewed the change process as consisting of three phases or stages (Lewin 1947: 34-35): 1. Unfreezing. This step involves the forces maintaining the systems behaviour at the current level. Unfreezing is accomplished by introducing information that shows discrepancies between behaviours desired by group members and those behaviours they currently exhibit. 2. Moving. This step shifts the system to a higher level of group performance. It involves developing new behaviours and attitudes through changes in structures and processes. 3. (Re-)Freezing. This step stabilizes the system at a new state of quasi-stationary equilibrium. It is accomplished through the use of supporting mechanisms that reinforce the new state, such as systems, structures and policies. The new equilibrium can thus be made relatively secure against change (Lewin 1947: 35). Circular Models While the linear models follow the European science, East Asian and Confucian traditions offer a very different theory of change. The model of change underlying Confucian philosophies was summarized by Marshak (1993). As shown in Figure 1, there is continual cyclical movement among the five elements that make up the universe. Movement is a natural process and occurs in a specific sequence. When it is out of balance or out of order, unfortunate consequences result. Thus in this model everything and everyone is interconnected and part of continuous cycles of change. Figure 1: Five agents cyclical change according to East Asian philosophy (source: Marshak 1993:399) Appendix 2 Theoretical Framework Overview of the Three Forces for Change In the literature of organizational change, there is a widespread disagreement whether change should be implemented top-down or bottom-up. Top-Down Direction Setting Top-down change is seen to have the advantage of a clear direction towards an end state, to provide the integrated perspective that only top management can provide and to promise rapid change. However, top-down change can often lead to resistance and lack of commitment from middle managers and employees who might feel that top management does not really understand the problem. With regard to the RM Division, it becomes clear that management follows a top-down approach. RM`s general managers take major decisions on new technology an workers are not included in the decision-making process. The result is a lack of commitment and machine operators use any means they could to beat the system. Bottom-Up Performance Improvement The other line of argument favours a bottom-up approach to change, as this seems to address many of the shortcomings of top-down change by actively involving employees in the change process. But also a pure bottom-up approach has its problems. It often lacks direction and a link to corporate strategy, it can lead to costly duplication of effort, it often leads to little transfer of learnings and it can be slow to get results (Beer et al. 1990: 68). The RM Division did not follow a bottom-up approach for implementing the change. It is worth mentioning at this point that the RM management missed, as a result of not actively involving the employees into the change process, to address the disadvantages of a top-down approach. In addition, the above-mentioned advantages of a bottom-up approach were not realized during the change process. Horizontal Process Redesign Recognizing the limits of the pure top-down or bottom-up approaches to change, some authors have therefore argued that the solution is to combine the two approaches (Beer et al.1990). A combination of the two approaches holds the promise of obtaining their respective benefits while minimizing their disadvantages. However, it is argued, that fundamental change requires not only top-down direction and bottom-up performance improvement, but also a third force for change: horizontal process redesign. Horizontal process redesign views organizations as made up of key processes that produce a result for the customer. It attempts to bring the benefits of process thinking to the whole organization and emphasizes the importance of redesigning a small number of core business processes that cross the traditional functional boundaries. Likewise, it can occur at three levels: across organizations, across functions and within functions (see Figure 2). Horizontal process redesign sees reengineering as a key activity at all levels of the organization. However, in order to avoid sub-optimisations, one should start at the top management by mapping out the high-level processes first. In this way, once the subprocesses are considered, their role within the higher level processes are clear. This was not being realized at the RM Division: Instead of defining and explaining the new processes to the workforce, only immediately prior to the introduction of the new technology management had explained to the workforce the basic principles behind automation, disregarding the need for understanding the new processes. Particularly a proper introduction of the new core processes across functions was neglected. These mainly included the fact that previously, operators were involved in setting and adjusting machinery and now were simply operating their machines. At the same time, the process control department was to take greater responsibilities, and to be expanded. Would management have explained the new processes properly, operators would have been clearer about their role in regard to the process control department. Instead they found themselves in a favourable position, performing wider functions than management expected of them. In addition, they could use non-optimum methods to achieve the best possible piecework rates for subsequent production and only reluctantly gave up any rights to use the controls. This all can be seen as a result of a missing explanation of the redesigned core processes to the workforce. The second major problem was that of re-establishing piecework rates on the new machinery, because operators were enjoying average earnings and resisted this move. At this point it would have been helpful to establish a detailed timeframe in which the phases of the change process are listed, in connection with the procedure of handling the piecework rates during and after each phase. The basic agreement, which was being made, did not serve this purpose.